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Metabolism (2014) 63(2):22632
Because the cleavage activity of DPP-4 is depending on the presence of a penultimate Pro or Ala at the N-terminus, analogs of GLP-1 with substitutions at this position should be protected, and analogs with Ser, Val, or alpha-aminobutyric acid remained biologically active (104), so this problem could easily be solved, but the substitutions only increased the half-life from 1.5 to 45 min (104), the reason being a rapid extraction of GLP-1 in the kidneys (105), and probably also other enzymatic attacks (106)
The internal solution for whole-cell and cell-attached recordings consisted of 126 mM K-gluconate, 10 mM NaCl, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, 2 mM NaATP, and 0.1 mM Na 2 GTP, adjusted to pH 7.3 with KOH, with an osmolarity of 295300 mOsm
Lipotropic injections include a combination of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids