10.1007/s10541-005-0104-5 Biochemistry ( Mosc
The iron overload-induced oocyte damage and embryo toxicity might be related to ferroptosis mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear receptor coactivator 4-dependent ferritinophagy (123), glutathione peroxidase 4-dependent downregulation (124), and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) overexpression (120), in which mitochondrial dysfunction and structural damage play a central role
thus they reduce wrinkles and improve skin tone
References: Gindri IM, Ferrari G, Pinto LPS, Bicca J, Santos IKD, Dallacosta D, Roesler CRDM
These pharmacokinetic limitations explain why the most successful applications have been topical (where the peptide is applied directly to the target tissue) rather than systemic