l carnitine effects on kidney Role of in disease | Nutrition & Metabolism l carnitine effects on kidneys

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Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg

You might see some fear-mongering around this ingredient: Studies in male rats showed kidney effects but that's because of a rat-specific protein that humans don't make

Limited, early-stage human data exist for this category

Arch Biochem Biophys 264:546552 Scafidi S, Fiskum G, Lindauer SL, Bamford P, Shi D, Hopkins I, McKenna MC (2010) Metabolism of acetyl-l-carnitine for energy and neurotransmitter synthesis in the immature rat brain