Environmental toxin exposure: Glutathione is the primary intracellular antioxidant and is therefore important for preventing oxidative stress in cells due to environmental toxin exposure
Extracellular NM released from degenerating neurons is phagocytized by microglia, activating inflammatory responses and propagating neurodegeneration (265)
This assertion is supported by studies of copper-deficient swine, which show co-existing iron deficiency unresponsive to iron therapy (Lahey et al., 1952)
GA was selected for in-depth investigation: as a trihydroxybenzoic acid abundant in gallnuts, tea, and various fruits, it is a well-documented potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive agent 24
Briefly, FLS were transferred to 96-well plates (10,000/well) for 24 h and then incubated in various concentrations of l-carnitine (2.5, 5, 10, and 100 mM) or DMSO alone for 24 h