The purpose of this review is to comprehensively investigate of the emerging understanding of the pleiotropic role of the carnitine pool, carnitine/acylcarnitines are not only auxiliaries or metabolites of fatty acid oxidation, but also play more complex and diverse roles, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial homeostasis, epigenetic regulation, regulation of inflammation and the immune system, tumor biology, signal transduction, and neuroprotection
It suggests that GLP-1 receptor agonists may protect the kidney independently of glycemic control, through direct cellular maintenance pathways an insight that bridges metabolism and organ protection (CKM axis)
It also modulates matrix metalloproteinases in a way that removes damaged collagen while simultaneously encouraging healthy replacement
10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108368 47 MoradiM.HashemianM
Some patients using tirzepatide for energy and cognitive benefits report improvements at doses lower than those used for weight management, though this remains anecdotal
