The Th2 cytokines also downregulate loricrin and involucrin, two additional barrier proteins that normally create a sealed, protective envelope around skin cells
Result: p53 nuclear exclusion, mitochondrial translocation, and apoptosis
Before the chemistry, one nomenclature fix: industry DOP almost always means DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, CAS 117-81-7, the branched isomer), not true DnOP (CAS 117-84-0, straight n-octyl)
The treatment itself takes only a few minutes, and most patients return immediately to normal daily activities, work, errands, or exercise afterward
That said, some individuals are sensitive to benzyl alcohol, so for single-use peptide preparations or for those with a known sensitivity, sterile water remains the appropriate and safer option