While singly-housed animals may experience stress that impacts metabolism, body weight, and adiposity 65,66,67,68,69 , the singly-housed animals in this study were treated identically (to the best of the experimenters ability) to minimize and equalize stress across all animals and reduce confounding variables
Microdosing is a drug administration method involving significantly lower doses than are typically used for therapeutic effects
This hindrance in timely identification is compounded by individuals frequent oversight of symptoms and the potential misinterpretation by primary care physicians [34]
Intravenous Dose Administration Intravenous (IV) Vitamin B12 is for severe cases or when quick action is needed
The topic modeling themes were generated by combining Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and an LLM, in this case, GPT-4o, to identify key topics within the data