A: Start 23 times weekly, then increase as tolerated
Its believed to promote musculoskeletal repair by upregulating growth factors, stimulating the formation of new blood vessels, or modulating nitric oxide synthesis, but no mechanism of action has been proven.34 TB4, however, has known mechanisms by which it speeds recovery from injury: inhibiting inflammation, preventing cell death, and (as suspected with BPC) promoting blood vessel formation.35 On top of the benefits for physical recovery, the ability to form new blood vessels points to promising implications for cardiovascular health
Iftekhar A, Sigal M (2021) Defence and adaptation mechanisms of the intestinal epithelium upon infection
Interestingly, immune cell extravasation in both blood and lymphatic vessels occurs in a similar way and involves the expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectins (91, 92)
Three authors (K.B., C.B., and L.M.) independently searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsychINFO from 1960 (or 1974 in the case of EMBASE) to March 30th 2023, identifying 159 papers in total (111 with duplicates removed)