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Testing occurs randomly throughout the season and during the playoffs
Normal vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature) and body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 30 kg/m 2 Suboptimal vitamin B12 status (deficient to borderline 200300 pg/mL), defined as serum B12 levels within the lower end of the reference range (234894 pg/mL) Able to provide informed written consent Able to comply with study procedures and follow-up visits as outlined in the protocol 2.2.2 Exclusion criteria Known hypersensitivity or allergy to oral vitamin B12 supplements or any of its components Known history of cobalt allergy or sensitivity Severe malabsorption syndromes, including pernicious anemia or intestinal disorders affecting vitamin B12 absorption Current use of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antacids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), multivitamins, or nutritional supplements containing vitamin B12 History of gastric bypass surgery or other procedures that significantly alter GI anatomy or function Significant renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 0.05) Supplementary Table 1
When oxidative stress becomes excessive, it can have a negative impact on various parts of the body, including the brain, eyes, muscles, and skin
Antioxidants, 12 (2)
Whether it's the result of athletic training, repetitive movements, long hours of sedentary work, or the inevitable effects of aging, more and more individuals are struggling with issues like: Ongoing joint and tendon strain Delayed post-exercise recovery Persistent muscle fatigue or tightness Digestive sensitivity and gut imbalances Generalized inflammation or discomfort Why Traditional Solutions Are Falling Short The majority of conventional supplements in the wellness and recovery category-like glucosamine, collagen, turmeric, or basic multivitamins-aren't designed to address cellular signaling or peptide-related repair mechanisms directly
