When B12 levels become problematic: High-dose supplementation (particularly doses exceeding 1,000 micrograms daily) Frequent B12 injections without medical supervision Underlying conditions affecting B12 metabolism Concurrent use of multiple B12-containing supplements The NHS does not set an upper safe limit for vitamin B12 because harmful effects from excessive intake have not been definitively established
[76] [77] Other mammalian species (examples: rabbits, pikas, beaver, guinea pigs) consume high-fiber plants which pass through the gastrointestinal tract and undergo bacterial fermentation in the cecum and large intestine
"Anaerobic synthesis of vitamin B12: characterization of the early steps in the pathway" (PDF)
It declines with age, and lower NAD+ is associated with slower metabolism and the changes we lump together as getting older. NNMT, meanwhile, consumes the raw materials your body uses to make NAD+ and in fat tissue, NNMT is often overexpressed, which can drag NAD+ down right where you least want a sluggish metabolism
Subsequent elevations in NAD+ levels activate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a cellular regulatory enzyme dependent on NAD+ availability