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Using NADPH as an electron donor, it breaks the disulfide bond of GSSG and reduces it to two GSH molecules, thereby maintaining a high GSH/GSSG ratio within the cell
However, the application of insulin in non-diabetic clinical bone defects has not received much attention, which may be due to the short life of insulin and the side effects of too much insulin
Sources PMC
the use of pro-GSH molecules (Fraternale et al., 2006) and/or glutathione precursors like N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), glutamine, cysteine (cystine) and glycine, as well as nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45related factor 2 (Nrf2) inducers like sulforaphane can enhance glutathione production and increase nuclear Nrf2 translocation and antioxidant response element (ARE) transcription (Komaravelli and Casola, 2014
